Severe injuries requiring hospitalization (33% in total) and some specialized care (27% in total) were mainly sustained by girl victims of sexual violence. About half of the injuries sustained by physical violence were minor/superficial. The injury pattern varied by form of violence and sex of the child. Being injured in a familiar environment and by a parent, a relative, or someone known was strikingly common. Girls represented 86.4% of the victims of sexual violence and boys, 66.1% of those from physical violence. Of the 321 cases identified, 60% resulted from sexual violence. Hospital records from 2019 at the pediatric emergency and forensic medicine units of Maputo Central Hospital were scrutinized using a standardized form. This study investigates sex-related differences in the circumstances and consequences of sexual and physical violence in the Mozambican context.
Rates of violence against children are high in Sub-Saharan Africa and information is scarce on the resulting injuries. It is estimated that, approximately.6-1.8% of all children in high HIV-incidence countries in Southern Africa will experience penetrative sexual abuse by an AIDS/HIV infected perpetrator before 18 years of age.
The high prevalence levels of AIDS/HIV in the region expose sexually abused children to high risks of infection. There is nothing to support the widely held view that child sexual abuse is very rare in SSA-prevalence levels are comparable with studies reported from other regions. Child sexual abuse is most frequently perpetrated by family members, relatives, neighbors or others known to the child. The most frequent explanations for the sexual abuse of children in SSA include rapid social change, AIDS/HIV avoidance strategies and the patriarchal nature of society. No national survey of the general population has been conducted. A number of studies report that approximately 5% of the sample reported penetrative sexual abuse during their childhood. Samples are predominantly clinical or University based. Reports from international and local NGOs and UN agencies are also examined.įew published studies on the sexual abuse of children have been conducted in the region, with the exception of South Africa. The focus is on the sexual abuse of children in the home/community, as opposed to the commercial sexual exploitation of children.Įnglish language, peer-reviewed papers cited in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) are examined. They can come with that trait or acquire it as the game progresses, be it through combat or through their normal lives.Ĭan have serious implications apparently as those gang members will continue to spread them to anyone they have a sexual relationship with.This article reviews the English-language literature on child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Meanwhile, as players grow their gang they will come in contact with various characters, some of whom may not be monogamous.
, it's alcohol that will keep the gangster machine's gears running but that is not the only sin said gangsters will indulge in.īrenda Romero, Romero Games co-founder, stated that she is not proud of it but "there were brothels and there were consequences" during the Prohibition era. Well, it appears that some similar things may happen to the players' gangsters in Empire of Sin as well. Tax evasion led to his incarceration while syphilis led to Capone's death. Being a mere mortal, however, Capone couldn't evade two things - tax and death. Most notably, Al Capone was the king of the crime in the area as he evaded the law while becoming somewhat of a celebrity and a feared person overall. Gangsters marked the first part of 20th century in Chicago as they smuggled alcohol, besides other illegal activities.